What is a summons in legal terms?

A summons is a legal document that formally notifies a person that they are being summoned to court to respond to a complaint or legal action. This document serves a critical function in legal proceedings, as it informs the individual of their obligation to appear in court and provide a defense against the claims made against them. The summons outlines essential details, such as the court's name, the parties involved, and the time frame within which the individual must respond.

This is foundational in the legal process, as it ensures that the defendant is given proper notice, which is a fundamental aspect of due process. Without a summons, a court cannot lawfully compel a defendant to appear. Therefore, the definition as a court order to appear and defend is accurate and reflects the purpose and function of this legal document.

The other options do not capture the essence of what a summons is. A document to request evidence refers to subpoenas rather than summonses. A type of legal contract implies a mutual agreement, which does not align with the concept of a summons. Lastly, a ruling by a judge pertains to judicial decisions, rather than the notification aspect of a summons.